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1 everyday product
4.10 изделие повседневного использования (everyday product): Потребительский товар или изделие с интуитивно понятным управлением, разработанные для использования широкими слоями населения.
Примечание 1 - Некоторые виды продукции разработаны как для использования населением, так и для профессионального использования. Данное определение относится только к непрофессиональному использованию изделий повседневного использования.
Примечание 2 - Термин «повседневное использование» не означает, что пользователь использует продукцию каждый день, а означает лишь, что продукция, как правило, присутствует в повседневной жизни человека.
[ИСО 20282-1:2006, определение 3.9]
Источник: ГОСТ Р 55236.2-2012: Эргономика изделий повседневного использования. Часть 2. Метод испытаний изделий с интуитивно понятным управлением оригинал документа
4.10 изделие повседневного использования (everyday product): Потребительский товар или изделие с интуитивно понятным управлением, разработанные для использования широкими слоями населения.
Примечание 1 - Некоторые виды продукции разработаны как для использования населением, так и для профессионального использования. Данное определение относится только к непрофессиональному использованию изделий повседневного использования.
Примечание 2 - Термин «повседневное использование» не означает, что пользователь использует продукцию каждый день, а означает лишь, что продукция, как правило, присутствует в повседневной жизни человека.
[ИСО 20282-1:2006, определение 3.9]
Источник: ГОСТ Р 55236.3-2012: Эргономика изделий повседневного использования. Часть 3. Метод испытаний потребительских товаров оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > everyday product
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2 everyday product
марк. повседневный товар [продукт\] (товар, который используется ежедневно; напр., продукты питания или моющие средства)See: -
3 everyday product
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4 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
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продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
5 PRIDE
1) Военный термин: People Respect Involvement Discipline And Excellence, Personal Responsibility in Daily Effort, Professional Results in Daily Effort2) Техника: programmed reliability in design engineering4) Юридический термин: Partnership Responsibility Involvement Duty And Enforcement, Politeness Respect Integrity Discipline And Excellence, Preparatory Rehabilitation For Individual Development And Employment5) Университет: Personal Responsibility Includes The Dorm Environment6) Физиология: Peoples Restricted Intake Diet Education7) Вычислительная техника: PRofitable Information by DEsign (IRM)8) Нефть: плановый уровень надёжности при техническом проектировании (programmed reliability in design engineering)9) Транспорт: Parents Reducing Incidents Of Driver Error10) Фирменный знак: Prison Rehabilitative Industries And Diversified Enterprises11) СМИ: Poets Rule In Desperate Eras12) Деловая лексика: Parents Resource Institute For Drug Education, Partnership Respect Innovation Diversity And Excellence, Partnerships Responsive To Individual Development And Education, People Respecting Individuality Diversity And Equality, People Responsible In Developing Employment, People Rest, I Do Extra, Perseverance Respect Integrity Determination And Enthusiasm, Personal Responsibility In Developing Excellence, Planning Revitalization Installation Development And Evaluation, Practice Responsible Independent Decisions Everyday, Product Resource Investment Deployment And Evaluation, Productivity And Responsibility Increase Development And Employment, Professional Results In Daily Efforts, Proven, Respectful, Innovative, Decisive, Enthusiastic13) Образование: Parent Resource For Information Development Education, Parent Resource In Drug Education, Parent's Resource For Information Development And Education, Parents Resource For Information Development And Education, Private Resources In Developing Education14) Должность: Plan Of Recovery Individual Development And Employment15) Международная торговля: People Recognizing Individual Differences Equally -
6 pride
1) Военный термин: People Respect Involvement Discipline And Excellence, Personal Responsibility in Daily Effort, Professional Results in Daily Effort2) Техника: programmed reliability in design engineering4) Юридический термин: Partnership Responsibility Involvement Duty And Enforcement, Politeness Respect Integrity Discipline And Excellence, Preparatory Rehabilitation For Individual Development And Employment5) Университет: Personal Responsibility Includes The Dorm Environment6) Физиология: Peoples Restricted Intake Diet Education7) Вычислительная техника: PRofitable Information by DEsign (IRM)8) Нефть: плановый уровень надёжности при техническом проектировании (programmed reliability in design engineering)9) Транспорт: Parents Reducing Incidents Of Driver Error10) Фирменный знак: Prison Rehabilitative Industries And Diversified Enterprises11) СМИ: Poets Rule In Desperate Eras12) Деловая лексика: Parents Resource Institute For Drug Education, Partnership Respect Innovation Diversity And Excellence, Partnerships Responsive To Individual Development And Education, People Respecting Individuality Diversity And Equality, People Responsible In Developing Employment, People Rest, I Do Extra, Perseverance Respect Integrity Determination And Enthusiasm, Personal Responsibility In Developing Excellence, Planning Revitalization Installation Development And Evaluation, Practice Responsible Independent Decisions Everyday, Product Resource Investment Deployment And Evaluation, Productivity And Responsibility Increase Development And Employment, Professional Results In Daily Efforts, Proven, Respectful, Innovative, Decisive, Enthusiastic13) Образование: Parent Resource For Information Development Education, Parent Resource In Drug Education, Parent's Resource For Information Development And Education, Parents Resource For Information Development And Education, Private Resources In Developing Education14) Должность: Plan Of Recovery Individual Development And Employment15) Международная торговля: People Recognizing Individual Differences Equally -
7 STEP
1) Общая лексика: чрезпузырное (Single-port transvesical enucleation of the prostate - способ удаления очень больших опухолей простаты через переднюю брюшную стенку и стенку мочевного пузыря с использованием специального устройства.)2) Американизм: Safety Training And Evaluation Process3) Военный термин: Safeguard test and evaluation program, Software Test and Evaluation Plan, Standardized Technical Entry Point, Supplemented Training and Employment Program, scientific and technical exploitation program, special training enlistment program, standard test equipment procedure, stripes for exceptional performers, supplementary training and education program, Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (ISO 10303)4) Техника: Septic Tank Effluent Pump, safety test engineering program, ship type electronics plan, shipboard tracking electronics package, source-term experiments project5) Религия: Support, Truth, Empowerment, And Purpose6) Юридический термин: Selected Traffic Enforcement Program, Selective Traffic Enforcement Program, Special Traffic Enforcement Patrols, Strategic Traffic Enforcement Program7) Сокращение: Space Test Experiment Platform, Space Test Experiments Platform (USAF), Standard for the Exchange of Product model data, Standardized Tactical Entry Point8) Университет: Science And Technology Enhancement Program, Sixth Term Examination Paper, Sixth Term Examination Papers, Sociocultural, Technological, Economic, And Political9) Электроника: STandard for Exchange of Product Model Data (ISO 10303)10) Вычислительная техника: STandard for the External representation / Exchange of Product data definition (ISO, DP 10303, CAD)11) Нефть: standard for exchange product, программа инженерного обеспечения испытаний на безопасность (safety test engineering program), порядок использования стандартного испытательного оборудования (standard test equipment procedure)12) Космонавтика: Solar-Terrestrial Energy Programme (COSPAR)13) Транспорт: Service Test and Evaluation Program15) СМИ: Satellite Telecommunications Educational Programming, Script Train Execute And Process, Standard Template For Electronic Publishing16) Деловая лексика: Safety Training Education Program, Sales Training Education And Purchasing, Science And Technology Entrepreneur's Park, Shell Technology Enterprise Programme, Strategies To Elevate People, Support Training And Enterprise Programme17) Образование: School Transition Entry Program, Science And Technology Entry Program, Secondary Transitional Educational Program, Skills Training Education Program, South's Traveling Educational Program, State Test Of Educational Progress, Strategic Teaching For Everyday Progress, Student Teacher Enhancement Partnership, Student Tobacco Education Program, Student Transition And Educational Planning, Student Transition Education Program, Student Transitional Enrichment Program, Students Teachers Employers And Parents, Students Teaching And Education Programme, Students Teaching Early Prevention, Students Transitional English Program, Sustainable Technology Education Project, Systematic Training For Effective Parenting18) Сетевые технологии: Simple Transaction Exchange Protocol, Standard of Exchange of Product Model Data19) Автоматика: стандарт по обмену данными моделей изделий (стандарт ИСО 10303)20) Океанография: Salmon Trout Enhancement Program, Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project21) Расширение файла: ISO-10303 STEP product data, Standard for Exchange of Product, Supervisory Tape Executive Program23) Программное обеспечение: Standard To Enhancement Pack -
8 StEP
1) Общая лексика: чрезпузырное (Single-port transvesical enucleation of the prostate - способ удаления очень больших опухолей простаты через переднюю брюшную стенку и стенку мочевного пузыря с использованием специального устройства.)2) Американизм: Safety Training And Evaluation Process3) Военный термин: Safeguard test and evaluation program, Software Test and Evaluation Plan, Standardized Technical Entry Point, Supplemented Training and Employment Program, scientific and technical exploitation program, special training enlistment program, standard test equipment procedure, stripes for exceptional performers, supplementary training and education program, Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (ISO 10303)4) Техника: Septic Tank Effluent Pump, safety test engineering program, ship type electronics plan, shipboard tracking electronics package, source-term experiments project5) Религия: Support, Truth, Empowerment, And Purpose6) Юридический термин: Selected Traffic Enforcement Program, Selective Traffic Enforcement Program, Special Traffic Enforcement Patrols, Strategic Traffic Enforcement Program7) Сокращение: Space Test Experiment Platform, Space Test Experiments Platform (USAF), Standard for the Exchange of Product model data, Standardized Tactical Entry Point8) Университет: Science And Technology Enhancement Program, Sixth Term Examination Paper, Sixth Term Examination Papers, Sociocultural, Technological, Economic, And Political9) Электроника: STandard for Exchange of Product Model Data (ISO 10303)10) Вычислительная техника: STandard for the External representation / Exchange of Product data definition (ISO, DP 10303, CAD)11) Нефть: standard for exchange product, программа инженерного обеспечения испытаний на безопасность (safety test engineering program), порядок использования стандартного испытательного оборудования (standard test equipment procedure)12) Космонавтика: Solar-Terrestrial Energy Programme (COSPAR)13) Транспорт: Service Test and Evaluation Program15) СМИ: Satellite Telecommunications Educational Programming, Script Train Execute And Process, Standard Template For Electronic Publishing16) Деловая лексика: Safety Training Education Program, Sales Training Education And Purchasing, Science And Technology Entrepreneur's Park, Shell Technology Enterprise Programme, Strategies To Elevate People, Support Training And Enterprise Programme17) Образование: School Transition Entry Program, Science And Technology Entry Program, Secondary Transitional Educational Program, Skills Training Education Program, South's Traveling Educational Program, State Test Of Educational Progress, Strategic Teaching For Everyday Progress, Student Teacher Enhancement Partnership, Student Tobacco Education Program, Student Transition And Educational Planning, Student Transition Education Program, Student Transitional Enrichment Program, Students Teachers Employers And Parents, Students Teaching And Education Programme, Students Teaching Early Prevention, Students Transitional English Program, Sustainable Technology Education Project, Systematic Training For Effective Parenting18) Сетевые технологии: Simple Transaction Exchange Protocol, Standard of Exchange of Product Model Data19) Автоматика: стандарт по обмену данными моделей изделий (стандарт ИСО 10303)20) Океанография: Salmon Trout Enhancement Program, Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project21) Расширение файла: ISO-10303 STEP product data, Standard for Exchange of Product, Supervisory Tape Executive Program23) Программное обеспечение: Standard To Enhancement Pack -
9 step
1) Общая лексика: чрезпузырное (Single-port transvesical enucleation of the prostate - способ удаления очень больших опухолей простаты через переднюю брюшную стенку и стенку мочевного пузыря с использованием специального устройства.)2) Американизм: Safety Training And Evaluation Process3) Военный термин: Safeguard test and evaluation program, Software Test and Evaluation Plan, Standardized Technical Entry Point, Supplemented Training and Employment Program, scientific and technical exploitation program, special training enlistment program, standard test equipment procedure, stripes for exceptional performers, supplementary training and education program, Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (ISO 10303)4) Техника: Septic Tank Effluent Pump, safety test engineering program, ship type electronics plan, shipboard tracking electronics package, source-term experiments project5) Религия: Support, Truth, Empowerment, And Purpose6) Юридический термин: Selected Traffic Enforcement Program, Selective Traffic Enforcement Program, Special Traffic Enforcement Patrols, Strategic Traffic Enforcement Program7) Сокращение: Space Test Experiment Platform, Space Test Experiments Platform (USAF), Standard for the Exchange of Product model data, Standardized Tactical Entry Point8) Университет: Science And Technology Enhancement Program, Sixth Term Examination Paper, Sixth Term Examination Papers, Sociocultural, Technological, Economic, And Political9) Электроника: STandard for Exchange of Product Model Data (ISO 10303)10) Вычислительная техника: STandard for the External representation / Exchange of Product data definition (ISO, DP 10303, CAD)11) Нефть: standard for exchange product, программа инженерного обеспечения испытаний на безопасность (safety test engineering program), порядок использования стандартного испытательного оборудования (standard test equipment procedure)12) Космонавтика: Solar-Terrestrial Energy Programme (COSPAR)13) Транспорт: Service Test and Evaluation Program15) СМИ: Satellite Telecommunications Educational Programming, Script Train Execute And Process, Standard Template For Electronic Publishing16) Деловая лексика: Safety Training Education Program, Sales Training Education And Purchasing, Science And Technology Entrepreneur's Park, Shell Technology Enterprise Programme, Strategies To Elevate People, Support Training And Enterprise Programme17) Образование: School Transition Entry Program, Science And Technology Entry Program, Secondary Transitional Educational Program, Skills Training Education Program, South's Traveling Educational Program, State Test Of Educational Progress, Strategic Teaching For Everyday Progress, Student Teacher Enhancement Partnership, Student Tobacco Education Program, Student Transition And Educational Planning, Student Transition Education Program, Student Transitional Enrichment Program, Students Teachers Employers And Parents, Students Teaching And Education Programme, Students Teaching Early Prevention, Students Transitional English Program, Sustainable Technology Education Project, Systematic Training For Effective Parenting18) Сетевые технологии: Simple Transaction Exchange Protocol, Standard of Exchange of Product Model Data19) Автоматика: стандарт по обмену данными моделей изделий (стандарт ИСО 10303)20) Океанография: Salmon Trout Enhancement Program, Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project21) Расширение файла: ISO-10303 STEP product data, Standard for Exchange of Product, Supervisory Tape Executive Program23) Программное обеспечение: Standard To Enhancement Pack -
10 design for environment
экологическое проектирование
-EN
sustainable design
(also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]Параллельные тексты EN-RU Eco-design of products
Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
- Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
- Distribution with packaging and logistics
- Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
- End of life.
[Legrand]Экологическое проектирование изделий
Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
- изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
- дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
- эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
- вывод изделия из эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > design for environment
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11 eco-design
экологическое проектирование
-EN
sustainable design
(also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]Параллельные тексты EN-RU Eco-design of products
Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
- Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
- Distribution with packaging and logistics
- Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
- End of life.
[Legrand]Экологическое проектирование изделий
Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
- изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
- дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
- эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
- вывод изделия из эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > eco-design
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12 green design
экологическое проектирование
-EN
sustainable design
(also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]Параллельные тексты EN-RU Eco-design of products
Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
- Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
- Distribution with packaging and logistics
- Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
- End of life.
[Legrand]Экологическое проектирование изделий
Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
- изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
- дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
- эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
- вывод изделия из эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > green design
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13 sustainable design
экологическое проектирование
-EN
sustainable design
(also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]Параллельные тексты EN-RU Eco-design of products
Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
- Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
- Distribution with packaging and logistics
- Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
- End of life.
[Legrand]Экологическое проектирование изделий
Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
- изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
- дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
- эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
- вывод изделия из эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > sustainable design
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14 EPE
1) Военный термин: electronic parts and equipment, explosion-proof enclosure3) Сокращение: Etairia Periorismenis Efthynis (Greece)4) Электроника: Everyday Practical Electronics6) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Exploration and Production Europe7) Производство: environmental product evaluation, экологическая оценка продукции8) Полимеры: терполимер ТФЭ, ГФП и перфторалкилвинилэфира9) Макаров: ester of an epoxy resin, expandable polyethylene10) Безопасность: Enhanced Privacy and Encryption11) НАСА: Estimated Positioning Error -
15 life
1. n жизнь; существованиеthis life, natural life — земное бытие
life afloat — жизнь на море, жизнь моряка
precarious life — жизнь, полная опасности
2. n жизнедеятельностьthe noise of life — шум жизни; звуки деятельности человека
3. n живые существа, жизнь4. n живое существо, человекsafe in life and limb, safe and sound — живой и невредимый
5. n собир. мир живых организмовas long as life endures — пока есть жизнь, пока человек жив
6. n срок жизни, вся жизньfor life — на всю жизнь, до конца жизни, до смерти; пожизненно
to be deported for life — быть высланным навечно, быть приговорённым к бессрочной ссылке
7. n срок службы или работы; долговечностьlife test — испытания на долговечность; ресурсные испытания
8. n образ или характер жизниeveryday life — повседневная жизнь, быт
to lead a fast life — вести беспутную жизнь, прожигать жизнь
art is long, life is short — жизнь коротка, искусство вечно
9. n общественная жизнь; взаимоотношения; обществоhigh life — светское общество, высший свет; светская жизнь
to see something of life, to see life — повидать свет, узнать жизнь
life eternal — жизнь вечная, бессмертие
10. n жизнеописание, биографияlife history — история жизни, биография, жизнеописание
11. n энергия, живость; воодушевление; оживлениеany little excitement was a sauce to the monotony of a quiet life — любое незначительное событие вносило оживление в скучное однообразие жизни
12. n самое важное, необходимое; основа; душа13. n жив. натура14. n страх. застрахованное лицоa cat has nine lives — у кошки девять жизней, кошки живучи
15. a жизненный16. a пожизненный17. a с натурыСинонимический ряд:1. animation (noun) activity; animation; effervescence; energy; exhilaration; sparkle; vigor; vigour; vitality; vivacity2. biography (noun) autobiography; bio; biography; confession; confessions; memoir3. bounce (noun) bounce; resilience; spring4. career (noun) career; days; lifetime5. continuation (noun) continuation; endurance; survival6. creation (noun) creation; mankind; nature7. existence (noun) being; breath; existence; life-span; mortality8. experience (noun) experience; vicissitudes9. human (noun) body; creature; human; human being; individual; lifeblood; man; mortal; party; person; personage; soul; wight10. idol (noun) idol; obsession; passion11. spirit (noun) brio; dash; elan; esprit; gimp; oomph; spirit; verve; vim; zing12. term (noun) duration; termАнтонимический ряд:death; decease; demise; departure; destruction; dissolution; dullness; dying; end; finish; lethargy; lifelessness; lower; mortality; passing -
16 regular
1. n обыкн. регулярные войска2. n разг. постоянный посетитель или клиент; завсегдатай3. n разг. амер. разг. человек, ведущий размеренный образ жизни4. n амер. полит. кандидат, выдвинутый партией5. n амер. полит. преданный сторонник партии; избиратель, на которого можно положитьсяshe is a regular pepper-box — она страшная злюка;
6. n амер. полит. средний размер7. n амер. полит. мужская одежда средних размеров8. a правильный, размеренный, нормальный; регулярныйregular habits — размеренная жизнь, привычка делать всё в определённое время
9. a очередной10. a правильный, красивыйregular hexahedron — правильный шестигранник, куб
11. a обычный, привычныйmy regular time to go to bed — время, когда я обычно ложусь спать
regular court — обычный суд, суд общей юрисдикции
12. a нормальный, соответствующий норме13. a в соответствии с этикетом, с установленным порядком или принятой формой; официальныйto speak without a regular introduction — заговорить, не будучи официально представленным
14. a постоянныйregular customer — завсегдатай, постоянный посетитель или клиент
15. a воен. регулярный, кадровыйregular graph — однородный граф; регулярный граф
16. a квалифицированный, профессиональный17. a эмоц. -усил. настоящий, сущийa regular barn of a place — не помещение, а настоящий сарай
18. a амер. разг. приятный, милый, славный19. a амер. разг. выдвинутый партией20. a амер. разг. преданный, верный; надёжный21. a амер. разг. церк. принадлежащий к религиозному или монашескому ордену; отказавшийся от мира, монашескийregular clergy — чёрное духовенство, иеромонахи
22. a сл. правильно, нормально, размеренно; регулярно23. a сл. эмоц. -усил. оченьСинонимический ряд:1. balanced (adj.) balanced; commensurable; commensurate; proportional; proportionate; symmetrical2. common (adj.) common; everyday; familiar; ordinary; routine; widespread3. conforming (adj.) accordant; conforming; consistent; invariant; methodic; methodical; orderly; systematic4. even (adj.) constant; equable; even; smooth; steady; unchanging; uniform; unvarying5. general (adj.) accustomed; commonplace; customary; general; matter-of-course; natural; normal; prevalent; run-of-the-mill; standard; typic; typical; usual6. periodic (adj.) cyclic; established; fixed; frequent; habitual; periodic; recurrent7. utter (adj.) absolute; all-fired; arrant; black; blamed; blank; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; complete; confounded; consummate; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; durn; utterАнтонимический ряд:abnormal; anomalous; capricious; disordered; eccentric; erratic; exceptional; extraordinary; heterogeneous; inconsistent; inconstant; infrequent; irregular; uneven -
17 use
utilisation ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) emploi ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) consommation ⇒ 1 (a) usage ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (f), 1 (g) besoin ⇒ 1 (d) se servir de ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) utiliser ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) employer ⇒ 2 (a) prendre ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (e) profiter de ⇒ 2 (b) consommer ⇒ 2 (c) finir ⇒ 2 (c)(a) (utilization → of materials) utilisation f, emploi m; (consumption → of water, resources etc) consommation f; (being used, worn etc) usage m;∎ the use of brick in building l'emploi ou l'utilisation de la brique dans la construction;∎ to stretch (out) with use se détendre à l'usage;∎ to wear out with use s'user;∎ the dishes are for everyday use c'est la vaisselle de tous les jours;∎ ready for use prêt à l'emploi;∎ directions or instructions for use (on packaging) mode d'emploi;∎ for your personal use (on packaging) pour votre usage personnel;∎ for customer use only (sign) réservé à notre clientèle;∎ Medicine for external/internal use only (on packaging) à usage externe/interne;∎ for use in case of emergency (sign) à utiliser en cas d'urgence;∎ the film is for use in teaching le film est destiné à l'enseignement;∎ in general use d'emploi courant, d'utilisation courante;∎ not in use, out of use (machine, system) hors d'usage; (lift, cash point) hors service;∎ the phrase is no longer in use l'expression est inusitée ou ne s'utilise plus;∎ to come into use entrer en service;∎ to go out of use (machine) être mis au rebut;∎ steam engines went out of use in 1950 on a cessé d'utiliser ou d'employer les machines à vapeur en 1950;∎ to make use of sth se servir de ou utiliser qch;∎ schools are making increasing use of audio-visual aids les écoles se servent de plus en plus de supports audiovisuels;∎ to make good use of, to put to good use (machine, money) faire bon usage de; (opportunity, experience) tirer profit de(b) (ability or right to use) usage m, utilisation f;∎ we gave them the use of our car nous leur avons laissé l'usage de notre voiture;∎ he only has the use of one arm il n'a l'usage que d'un bras;∎ she lost the use of her legs elle a perdu l'usage de ses jambes;∎ the old man still has the full use of his faculties le vieil homme jouit encore de toutes ses facultés(c) (practical application) usage m, emploi m;∎ this tool has many uses cet outil a de nombreux usages ou emplois;∎ we found a use for the old fridge nous avons trouvé un emploi pour le vieux frigo;∎ humorous I have my uses il m'arrive de servir à quelque chose∎ do you have any use for this book? avez-vous besoin de ce livre?;∎ to have no use for sth ne pas avoir besoin de qch; figurative n'avoir que faire de qch;∎ I have no use for idle gossip je n'ai que faire des cancans;∎ this department has no use for slackers il n'y a pas de place pour les fainéants dans ce service∎ to be of use (to sb) être utile (à qn), servir (à qn);∎ this dictionary might be of use to you ce dictionnaire pourrait vous être utile ou vous servir;∎ were the instructions (of) any use? est-ce que le mode d'emploi a servi à quelque chose?;∎ I found his advice to be of little use, his advice was of little use to me je n'ai pas trouvé ses conseils très utiles;∎ the book would be of more use if it had illustrations le livre serait plus utile s'il contenait des illustrations;∎ it's not much use cela ne sert pas à grand-chose;∎ he's not much use as a secretary il n'est pas brillant comme secrétaire;∎ they were no use at all during the move ils n'ont rien fait pendant le déménagement;∎ you're no use! tu n'es bon à rien!;∎ it's or there's no use complaining inutile de ou ça ne sert à rien de se plaindre;∎ there's no use shouting ça ne sert à rien de crier, (c'est) inutile de crier;∎ it's no use, we might as well give up c'est inutile ou ça ne sert à rien, autant abandonner;∎ I tried to convince her but it was no use j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire;∎ is it any use calling her? est-ce que ça servira à quelque chose de l'appeler?;∎ what's the use of waiting? à quoi bon attendre?, à quoi ça sert d'attendre?;∎ oh, what's the use? à quoi bon?;(f) Linguistics usage m;∎ that's an old-fashioned use c'est un usage vieilli(a) (put into action → service, tool, skills) se servir de, utiliser; (→ product, name) utiliser; (→ method, phrase, word) employer; (→ vehicle, form of transport) prendre;∎ these are the notebooks he used ce sont les cahiers dont il s'est servi ou qu'il a utilisés;∎ is anyone using this book? est-ce que quelqu'un se sert de ou a besoin de ce livre?;∎ it's very easy to use c'est très facile à utiliser;∎ am I using the term correctly? est-ce comme ça qu'on utilise le terme?;∎ I'd like to use my language skills more j'aimerais utiliser davantage mes connaissances en langues;∎ I always use public transport je prends toujours les transports en commun;∎ we use this room as an office nous nous servons de cette pièce comme bureau, cette pièce nous sert de bureau;∎ what is this used for or as? à quoi cela sert-il?;∎ it's used for identifying the blood type cela sert à identifier le groupe sanguin;∎ I use it for opening or to open letters je m'en sers ou je l'utilise pour ouvrir les lettres;∎ I used the money to rebuild my garage j'ai utilisé ou employé l'argent pour reconstruire mon garage;∎ what battery does this radio use? quelle pile faut-il pour cette radio?;∎ my car uses unleaded petrol ma voiture marche à l'essence sans plomb;∎ may I use the phone? puis-je téléphoner?;∎ to use force/violence avoir recours à la force/violence;∎ the police often use tear gas la police a souvent recours au gaz lacrymogène;∎ to use one's intelligence/intuition faire marcher son intelligence/intuition;∎ to use diplomacy user de diplomatie;∎ to use discretion agir avec discrétion;∎ to use one's influence user de son influence;∎ use your imagination! utilise ton imagination!;∎ use your initiative! fais preuve d'initiative!;∎ use your head or your brains! réfléchis un peu!;∎ use your eyes! ouvrez l'œil!;∎ familiar he could certainly use some help un peu d'aide ne lui ferait pas de mal;∎ familiar we could all use a holiday! nous aurions tous bien besoin de vacances!□∎ use it to your advantage! profitez-en!;∎ he's only using you to get ahead il ne fait que se servir de toi pour avancer;∎ I feel used j'ai l'impression qu'on s'est servi de moi∎ the car's using a lot of oil la voiture consomme beaucoup d'huile;∎ have you used all the shampoo? as-tu utilisé tout le shampooing?∎ they used the workers well ils ont bien traité les ouvriers, ils ont bien agi envers les ouvriers;∎ I consider I was ill used je considère qu'on ne m'a pas traité comme il faut;∎ how's the world been using you? comment ça va?[ju:z] (only in past tense) they used to live here (avant) ils habitaient ici;∎ he used to drink a lot il buvait beaucoup avant;∎ it used to be true c'était vrai autrefois;∎ it used to be a pleasant town to live in autrefois c'était une ville agréable;∎ things aren't what they used to be les choses ne sont plus ce qu'elles étaient;∎ she can't get about the way she used to elle ne peut plus se déplacer comme avant;∎ she never used to smoke elle ne fumait pas avant;∎ we used not or we didn't use to eat meat avant, nous ne mangions pas de viande;∎ did he use to visit her? venait-il la voir avant?;∎ do you travel much? - I used to vous voyagez beaucoup? - autrefois, oui(consume) consommer, prendre; (exhaust → paper, soap) finir; (→ patience, energy, supplies) épuiser;∎ she used up the leftovers to make the soup elle a utilisé les restes pour faire un potage;∎ did you use up all your money? as-tu dépensé tout ton argent?;∎ the paper was all used up il ne restait plus de papier -
18 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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